System is partitioned homogeneously, so the functions of ventilation and gas exchange are shared by alveoli and much of the lung volume. Numbers of extremely small alveoli (A, inset) or air capillaries (radiating from the parabronchi B, inset). The alveolar lungs of mammals (Rhesus monkey A) and parabronchial lungs of birds (pigeon B) are subdivided into large Pv, pelvis and Tr, trachea (From: O'Connor and Claessens 2005). Abd, abdominal aire sac Cdth, caudal thoracic air sac Cl, clavicularĪir sac Crth, cranial thoracic air sac Cv, cervical air sac Fu, furcula Hu, humerus Lu, lung Lvd, lateral vertebral diverticula Latex injection (blue) highlighting the location of air sacs.ī, Main components of the avian flow-through system. Pulmonary air-sac system of a Common Teal ( Anas crecca). So, in bird lungs, more oxygen is available to 'old' air (air that has been in the lungs for a while) & thisĪir' has less oxygen. As a result, air coming into a mammal's lungs is mixed 'bidirectional' in mammals, moving back and forth into and out of 'fresh' air & has a higher oxygen content. Unidirectional flow means that air moving through bird lungs is largely The air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs. (hd = humeral diverticulum of the clavicular air sac adapted from Scale bar, 2 cm (Maina and Nathaniel 2001). Trachea indicated by an open circle filled circle = right (B) Close up of the dorsal aspect of the lung showing Rather horizontal and relatively narrower than the left primary bronchus. Note that the right primary bronchus is relatively longer, Of other vertebrates, with birds having relatively small lungs plusĪir sacs that play an important role in respiration (but are not The avian respiratory system is different from that System plays an important role in thermoregulation (maintaining normalīody temperature). The tissues and also removes carbon dioxide. The avian respiratory system delivers oxygen from the air to This page has been translated into Swedish by Johanne Teerink and is available at This page has been translated into Belorussian by Paul Bukhovko and
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